Food Biotechnology
Ehsan Safari; Hassan Barzegar; Hossein Jooyandeh; Behrooz Alizadeh Behbahani; Mohammad Noshad
Abstract
Introduction
The addition of chemical preservatives increases the shelf life of food products, but prolonged and indiscriminate use of chemical preservatives increases the resistance of microorganisms and the health risks associated with theiruptake. Medicinal plants have a wide variety in the ...
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Introduction
The addition of chemical preservatives increases the shelf life of food products, but prolonged and indiscriminate use of chemical preservatives increases the resistance of microorganisms and the health risks associated with theiruptake. Medicinal plants have a wide variety in the world as well as in Iran. In recent years, the use of natural preservatives such as plant extracts and essential oils, due to their importance and role in controlling the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, has been proposed as an alternative to chemical preservatives. Black pepper is an aromatic medicinal plant. The specific properties of black pepper essential oil, such as its antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, have also been confirmed. Amphotericin B is one of the effective antibiotics for treating infections caused by pathogenic fungi. The mechanism of action of amphotericin B is to destroy fungal cells in such a way that by binding to ergosterol in the cell membrane of fungi, it creates pores and eventually destroys them. One of the most important and common antibiotics used in the treatment of infections caused by pathogenic bacteria is chloramphenicol. This antibiotic is effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria due to its broad spectrum. The aim of this study was to identify bioactive functional groups, antioxidant potential, phenol and total flavonoid compounds and to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of black pepper extract against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus coagulans and Aspergillus niger.
Materials and Methods
In this study, the antimicrobial effect of black pepper aqueous extract was investigated against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus coagulans and Aspergillus niger by disc diffusion agar, well diffusion agar, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimum bactericidal concentration methods. Total phenol and flavonoid contents of the species were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu and AlCl3 assays, respectively. Three biochemical assays, namely 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azinobis 3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) free radical scavenging and β- caroten/linoleic acid activity systems, were used to evaluate antioxidant activity. Identification of functional groups as well as the structure of organic compounds in black pepper extract was also performed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). To evaluate the synergistic effect of black pepper extract in combination with amphotericin B and chloramphenicol antibiotics, Sub-MIC was used.
Results and Discussion
The peaks observed in aqueous black pepper extract confirmed the presence of O-H (3000-3500 cm-1), C-H (2800-3000 cm-1), C=O (1613.62-1633.52 cm-1) and C-O (100.57-1038.82 cm-1) functional groups of bioactive compounds. The total phenol and flavonoids content of the extract were 45.12 mg GAE/g extract and its flavonoid content was 29.66 mg QUE/g extract which had an important role in its antioxidant activity. The aqueous black pepper extract had remarkable DPPH free radical scavenging activity (IC50=32.37 μg/ml), ABTS free radical scavenging activity (IC50=28.45 μg/ml) and beta-carotene bleaching inhibitory effect (46.45%), revealing the electron/hydrogen donating ability of the essential oil. The results of measuring the antimicrobial activity of extract by disk diffusion and agar well showed that black pepper extract showed more antimicrobial effect on gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus coagulans than gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This could be due to the difference in their cell wall structure. Aspergillus niger is the most sensitive species to aqueous black pepper extract. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of extract for Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus coagulans and Aspergillus niger were equal to 32, 16, 4, 8 and 4 mg/ml, respectively. The minimum bactericidal concentration of black pepper extract for two bacterial species, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was more than 512 mg/ml. Also, the minimum bactericidal concentration for Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus coagulans was 128 and 256 mg/ml, respectively, and 128 mg/ml for Aspergillus niger. The results of interaction of black pepper extract with chloramphenicol antibiotic showed that the Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were synergistic, but antagonism was observed for the gram-positive Bacillus coagulans.
Food Biotechnology
Sara Momenzadeh; Hossein Jooyandeh; Behrooz Alizadeh Behbahani; Hassan Barzegar
Abstract
Introduction: Probiotics are live microorganisms, if consumed in enough quantity, they exert beneficial effects on human health owing to improvement of intestinal microbiota balance. In addition to the impact on gut microbiota, probiotics have important role on human physical and mental health. This ...
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Introduction: Probiotics are live microorganisms, if consumed in enough quantity, they exert beneficial effects on human health owing to improvement of intestinal microbiota balance. In addition to the impact on gut microbiota, probiotics have important role on human physical and mental health. This matter demonstrates the increasing emphasis on the consumption of diet based on probiotics in order to treat and prevent of different chronic diseases, particularly those related to stress and inflammation cases. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are the most common strains used as probiotics. They are useful member of gut microbiota and belong to generally regarded as safe (GRAS) microorganisms. Because of the numerous benefits of LAB, the probiotic potential of different strains of this group of bacteria has been assessed broadly. Although various commercial species of probiotics are available in the market, determination of new strains with individual properties is noteworthy. Therefore, this research was aimed to investigate the probiotic and antimicrobial potential of Lactobacillus fermentum isolated from fermented food. Materials and methods: In the study,the probiotic potential of Lactobacillus fermentum including its resistance to acid (pH 2.5, 3.5 and 5.5) and bile salts (0.2, 0.5, 0.8, 1.2 and 3%) was studied. To evaluate the bile salts resistance, 100 μl of prepared microbial suspension was cultured on MRS Agar media containing bile salts. Plates were incubated at 37 ᵒC for 24 hrs under anaerobic condition. After incubation period, the plates were inspected for bacterial colonies observed by naked eyes. The antimicrobial activity was measured using “Lawn on the spot” method against Listeria innocua, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The resistance of Lactobacillus fermentum was also assessed against commonly used antibiotic drugs (chloramphenicol, tetracycline, penicillin and gentamycin). Results and discussions: Results shown that although Lactobacillus fermentum was not able to grow at pH 2.5, its viability in the pH 3.5 and 5.5 was 92 and 99%, respectively. This strain had also adequate resistance against different bile salt concentrations. In the present research, the growth rate of the examined strains was gradually reduced as the bile salt concentration was increased; so that the higher and the lower growth rate was observed at 0.2 and 3% bile salt concentrations, respectively. Results shown that the tested Lactobacillus fermentum had acceptable bacteriostatic effect on the selected pathogenic bacteria. The inhibition zone diameter for Listeria innocua, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 12.6, 20 and 11.1 mm, respectively. The maximum diameter of inhibition zone was found on gram positive Staphylococcus aureus. Lactobacillus fermentum was susceptible to chloramphenicol, tetracycline and penicillin and was semi-resistant to gentamycin (comparison with table CLSI). Based on the obtained results in this study, it may be illustrated that Lactobacillus fermentum had capability to tolerate the lower pH and different bile salt concentrations. This strain showed the proper proficiency to inhibit pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, it was susceptible to commonly used antibiotic drugs and therefore there is no concern about the transfer of antibiotic resistant gens into pathogenic bacteria. Consequently, this strain may be used as a probiotic and a natural preservative in production of functional food products.
Food Biotechnology
Bahareh Majdi; Mohammad Amin Mehrnia; Hassan Barzegar; Behrooz Alizadeh Behbahani
Abstract
Introduction: Antioxidants by Quenching free radicals and preventing lipid oxidation, retard spoilage, discoloration and rancidity of foods. Due to adverse effects of synthetic antioxidants such as carcinogenicity and liver injury, consumers’ attention toward natural antioxidants are increasing. ...
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Introduction: Antioxidants by Quenching free radicals and preventing lipid oxidation, retard spoilage, discoloration and rancidity of foods. Due to adverse effects of synthetic antioxidants such as carcinogenicity and liver injury, consumers’ attention toward natural antioxidants are increasing. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is a medicinal plant frequently used in food industry and pharmacology. In this research, chemical composition, structure and type of bond, antioxidant capacity, total phenol, flavonoid and cytotoxic effect of Turmeric essential oil (TEO) on colorectal cancer cells (HT29) were investigated. Materials and methods: TEO was extracted using Clevenger apparatus by aqueous distillation method. To identify chemical composition, 1 µl essential oil was injected in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and essential oil composition and quantity were determined by comparing with standards. Functional groups and qualitative identification of turmeric essential oil were done using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in range of 500 – 4000 cm-1. Antioxidant capacity of TEO was determined suing ABTS, DPPH and β-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching assay. Total phenol and flavonoid were measured by colorimetric methods. MTT test was used to find cytotoxic concentrations of TEO on colorectal cancer cell line (HT29). Results and discussion: The 18 compounds identified in TEO accounted for 97.91% and the highest compound was turmerone by 40%. The other compounds were curlone, zingiberene and benzene with 34, 8.30 and 4.18% respectively. Infrared spectrum in range of 3600-3400 cm-1 (specially 3516 cm-1) and peaks at 2930, 1621, 1515 and 1447 cm-1 were due to stretching vibration of O-H, C-H, C=O, C=C bonds of aromatic ring and aromatic groups of curcuminoids. 1515 cm-1 peak was due to stretching vibration of C=O bond of sesquiterpenes (turmerone). Observed peaks at 1378 and 1308 cm-1 confirmed the presence of alkanes or bending vibrations of CH3 groups in curcuminoids (curcumin). Antioxidant potential of TEO according to DPPH and ABTS methods and β-carotene bleaching assay was 25.15, 93.90 and 72.76 %, respectively. Total phenol and flavonoid content of TEO were 38.91 mg GAE/g and 87.9 mg QE/g. The results showed that by increasing essential oil concentration from 3.125 to 200 mg/mL survival rate of HT29 changed from 66.76 to 9.88%.
Negin Zangeneh; Hassan Barzegar; Mohammad Amin Mehrnia; Mohammad Noshad; Mohammad Hojjati
Abstract
Introduction: Celiac is an autoimmune digestive disorder caused by the consumption of gluten and the only way of treatment is consuming gluten free diet. Cake fortification due to its high consumption is pursuing by the bakery industry and the application of dietary fibers is increasing due to its relation ...
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Introduction: Celiac is an autoimmune digestive disorder caused by the consumption of gluten and the only way of treatment is consuming gluten free diet. Cake fortification due to its high consumption is pursuing by the bakery industry and the application of dietary fibers is increasing due to its relation to human health. In this research, the effect of adding different parts of oleaster (core powder, peel and flesh powder and whole powder) at different concentrations (5, 10 and 20%), on physicochemical and sensory properties of gluten free cakes were investigated. Flour structure, functional properties, unique taste, dietary fiber, minerals and phenolic content of oleaster has made it a good ingredient in bakery products, yoghurt, ice cream, baby foods, chocolate and cookies. Oleaster due to the high content of fiber and minerals could be used in preparing gluten free functional foods. Due to the high demand for gluten free products for celiac patients, our goal was formulation optimization of gluten free cake based on corn flour and oleaster. Materials and methods: Corn flour (Tarkhineh, Tehran), sugar (Zarin Alborz), vanilla and baking powder (Bartar Co.), egg (Telavang), sunflower oil (Ladan) and oleaster were purchased from a local shop in Ahvaz. After cleaning and removing impurities of oleasters, peel, flesh and core were separated, grinded and passed through mesh no. 35. Samples were kept in plastic bags at room temperature. Corn flour was partially (5, 10 and 20%) substituted with Powder of core, peel, flesh and whole oleaster. Moisture, pH, fat, protein, fiber, specific volume, textural properties, color and sensory properties of cakes were determined. Data were analyzed using a completely randomized design in SPSS and graphs were plotted using Excel. Results and discussion: Low nutritional value and low diversity of gluten free products are major problems for celiac patients. Food scientists are trying to increase the nutritional value of such products through the addition of functional ingredients. Results of the present research showed a significant effect of adding oleaster powder on the physicochemical and sensory properties of free gluten cake samples. By increasing oleaster powder, moisture content of cake samples was increased and the highest moisture content was seen in samples containing peel and flesh powder which is due to presence of hygroscopic constituents like fibers and sugars. The addition of oleaster powders was significantly increased ash of samples which is due to the higher mineral content of oleaster comparing to corn flour. Evaluation of the browning index showed a significant effect of oleaster powder. Crust browning index increased by increasing the powder level in all types of cake samples. The highest browning index was seen in samples containing 20% core powder and the lowest was in the control. The browning index increased because of a rising Maillard reaction due to the higher amount of monosaccharides in oleaster powder. By increasing oleaster powder, firmness of samples increased and the lowest and highest firmness was seen in samples containing peel and flesh and core powder respectively. During storage time, by rising oleaster powder level, firmness increased. A significant increase of firmness was due to decrement of volume and thickening air bubbles walls in cakes crumb. By increasing oleaster powder in cakes, fat and protein content decreased and fiber increased. The lowest fat content was seen in samples containing 20% core powder. Sensory evaluation of cakes approve that oleaster powder could be used as a functional ingredient in cake formulations due to its nutritional and functional properties.
Hadi Tanavar; Hassan Barzegar; Behrooz Alizadeh Behbahani; Mohammad Amin Mehrnia
Abstract
Introduction: Free radicals activity and their products of their oxidation can cause undesired feeling and nutritional effects such as, awful taste, destroying vitamins and destruction of essential fatty acids. These compounds which are toxic substances and damage the genetic material of cells causing ...
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Introduction: Free radicals activity and their products of their oxidation can cause undesired feeling and nutritional effects such as, awful taste, destroying vitamins and destruction of essential fatty acids. These compounds which are toxic substances and damage the genetic material of cells causing heart and cardio vascular diseases and different type of cancer. Antioxidats absorb free radicals, so they can decelerate oxidation speed, then delete them to save the body from undesirable effects. Pooneh which is called scientifically Mentha pulegium belongs to lamiaceae group. The aim of this study was evaluating chemical compounds, antioxidant activity, total phenolic and cytotoxicity of Mentha pulegium essential oil (MPEO) on cell line of colon and gut cancer. Materials and methods: In this study, after extraction of MPEO using condensation the essential oil chemical composition were identified with gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Antioxidant activity was measured with radical inhibition ability method DPPH, ABTS and also their resistance against linoleic acid oxidation and changing β-carotene color, was considered. The evaluation of total phenolic composition was carried out using folin-ciocalteu method. To do this, the concentration of 1000, 10000, 1200 and 1400 of MPEO with alcohol was prepared. One mL of each concentration was added to 2.5mL of folin-ciocalteu reagent. After 2.5 minutes, 2ml sodium carbonate was added and mixed well. The rate of sample absorbtion after one hour was 725 nm. Determination of flavonoids range was done with aluminum chloride. MPEO cytotoxicity effects (1, 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200 mg/ml) on colon cancer cell line (HT29) was performed using MTT method. In this method 30 mL of MTT solution with 5 mg/mL was add to all wells and maintain for 3 hours in carbon dioxide. After removing environment, 200µl DMSO was add to each well and the rate of absorbtion in 570 nm was read usingELISA/microplate reader device. Cell aliveness curve was drawn. Results and discussion: The results showed that MPEO had 25 compounds, dl-limonene 28.44%, D-carvone 18.76%, Eucalyptol 8.86% and pulegone 8.65% were the top components. The rata of Mentha pulegium free radicals control with DPPH and ABTS was 51.5% and 53.43% respectively. The amount of MPEO resistance against oxidation of linoleic acids and color changing in β-carotene was 59.22%. Total phenolic was equal to 73.35 mg gallic acid/ml. The cytotoxicity effects results showed, the percent of HT29 aliveness was 100, 70.21, 61.26, 51.98, 35.12, 24.44, 18.65 and 10.92 respectively. Based on the results, increasing in MPEO concentration, caused increasing in HT29 cell line and decreasing percentage of aliveness. The most cells toxicity was in 200 mg/mL and the less was in 1 mg/mL.According to the results, in this study MPEO had suitable antioxidant activity, so we can use Mentha pulegium as an alternative for synthesis preservatives in food industry.
Fatemh Eivani; Behzad Nasehi; Mohammad Noshad; Hassan Barzegar
Abstract
Introduction: Increasing the demand for purchase and use of high quality products with good health benefits has led to a lot of efforts to increase and maintain the quality of different products. Sponge cake is one of the cereal products that the stale and lack of dietary fiber in cake flour is one of ...
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Introduction: Increasing the demand for purchase and use of high quality products with good health benefits has led to a lot of efforts to increase and maintain the quality of different products. Sponge cake is one of the cereal products that the stale and lack of dietary fiber in cake flour is one of the major problems in this product. Cake is one of the flour mills and is intermediate in terms of calorie content of bread and biscuits. This high-consumption product has many fans among children and adolescents. Given the fact that this group of people is in the age of growth and healthy and nutritious nutrition will play a significant role in their health, the enrichment of all kinds of cakes is among the most important issues. Since the predominant promise is low-value and even unattractive and with high calories, it only causes obesity and cardiovascular disease. Recently, the use of fruit and vegetable waste has become widespread to reduce environmental pollution. Considering that these lesions are important sources of polyphenols. Industrial and agricultural residues are sources of natural antioxidants and food fibers. The functional properties of some skin components, such as pectin, flavonoids, carotenoids, lemonies, and poly-methoxyflavones, should be taken into account. Nowadays, cake producers have a major problem with lipid oxidation, which limits the shelf life of their products. Bakery products such as cakes, especially those with high fat content, tend to become corrosive after prolonged storage due to unsaturated fatty acids. Special attention has been paid to the use of natural antioxidants to minimize the use of synthetic additives. In recent years, the growing trend of bakeries with nutritional value such as rich fiber has been observed. In order to increase fiber content in cake and muffins, several raw materials such as bran, outer layers of grains have been used. Materials and methods: Pomegranate was purchased freshly from the market, then the seeds were separated, then the samples were dewatered and the cores were dried at 30 ° C for 2 days. The pomegranate cores were dried after milling and after passing the sieve with the mesh 35 was used. The dough was prepared and the pomegranate and xanthan gum flour was added to the dough. The prepared dough was poured into the mold, then the molds were bake for 30 minutes in an oven at 175 ° C. Cakes were then stored after leaving the oven and cooled in polyethylene packages at room temperature until further tests were performed. An image processing method was used to check the porosity and color of the crust and crumb of enriched cakes. For this purpose, the imaging was carried out in a special box with a uniform white light at all directions and from a fixed distance with the Canon Power Shot P500 Canon Camera. Pictures are saved in JPG format. To get the same levels from each image, Adobe Photoshop CS4 (Photoshop CS6) was designed with 457 x 504 pixels for the brain and skin. To colorize the samples, the RGB color space was converted by Image J software to * L,*a, and *b. In this research, the effect of replacing wheat flour with pomegranate powder (0-50%) and xanthan gum (0 to 0.3%) on the physico-chemical (Moisture, pH, ash, porosity, volume index, fiber and protein), qualitative (Density, stiffness, weight loss, symmetry, volume, color and durability) and sensory properties of cake were evaluated using the response surface method in the form of a composite design. Results and discussion: The results of this study showed that increasing the replacement of pomegranate powder has a positive and significant effect on fiber content, protein and weight loss and negative effect on density properties, texture stiffness, symmetry, volume index, color indices, the overall acceptance and flavor of the samples. Also, increase in the percentage of xanthan gum has a positive and significant effect on density, texture stiffness, volume, porosity, and volume index and weight loss of samples. In general, the evaluation of all characteristics showed that the cake sample containing 0.1% gum and 22.22% pomegranate powder had the best quality. On the other hand, comparing the optimal sample and the control indicates that the replacement of pomegranate powder has increased the phenolic compounds and reduced peroxide value.
Negin Zangeneh; Hassan Barzegar; Behrooz Alizadeh Behbahani; Mohammad Amin Mehrnia
Abstract
Introduction: Spirulina platensis belongs to the Division of Cyanobacteria and the family of Oscillatoriaceae. It is autotroph and photo-synthesizer and can be reproduced through double cell division. Spirulina platensis is a filamentous blue-green multi-cellular microalgae naturally occurring in the ...
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Introduction: Spirulina platensis belongs to the Division of Cyanobacteria and the family of Oscillatoriaceae. It is autotroph and photo-synthesizer and can be reproduced through double cell division. Spirulina platensis is a filamentous blue-green multi-cellular microalgae naturally occurring in the tropical and alkaline lakes of America, Mexico, Asia and central Africa. It contains unique and extraordinary nutrients which can be used in the production of functional foods. Among bakery and flour products, cake has a relatively high diversity and long shelf-life and is famous among a variety of people, especially children. Since the knowledge associated with the enrichment of sponge cake, as a popular product among different communities (in particular, children) is limited, the aim of the present research is to produce a sponge cake enriched with spirulina platensis, and to examine its nutritional, physicochemical and sensory properties. Materials and methods: In this research, the effect of Spirulina platensis at four levels (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5%) was investigated on the nutritional properties (protein, fat, iron, zinc and copper contents), physicochemical properties (moisture content, pH, total phenol content, antioxidant potential, textural properties and color indices) and sensory attributes (odor, color, texture, flavor and taste, chewiness and total acceptance) of the sponge cake samples prepared with wheat flour. Results and discussion: Results showed that algae powder was rich in protein (56.33%) and iron (13.18 ppm). The addition of Spirulina platensis to the sponge cake caused reduction in its moisture content during storage (days 1, 5 and 10). The results also revealed that the different levels of algae addition brought about significant differences in the moisture content of the samples (p<0.05). The results also indicated that the protein, fat and mineral contents as well as other nutritional properties of the sponge cake increased as the algae content was elevated. The total phenol content of the cake samples was also raised with an increase in the algae powder level, compared with the control. This could be attributed to the large amounts of phytochemical and biological active substances such as flavonoids, sterols and other phenolic compounds. The results demonstrated that the porosity values of the control and the sample containing 1.5% of the algae were not significantly (p<0.05) different. The percentage of porosity was equal to 24.94, 37.99, 33.39 and 27.81 in the control and the samples containing 0.5, 1 and 1.5% of Spirulina platensis. Overall, the sample with 0.5% of the algae and the control had the highest and lowest porosity percentage respectively. As the algae level rose, the textural parameters (hardness, cohesiveness and gumminess) of the sponge cake increased on days 1, 5 and 10 of the storage period. The colorimetry results showed that the effect of Spirulina platensis was significant (p<0.05) on color parameters (L*, a* and b*). Sensory evaluation revealed that the sponge cake with 0.5% of the microalgae was the most acceptable among the samples. The green color of the cake crumb was attractive to the panelists and a comparison between the total sensory scores indicated that the incorporation of Spirulina platensis into the sponge cake was desirable from the panelists` points of view. The results of this study demonstrated that the addition of Spirulina platensis to sponge cake for the enrichment of this product, caused an increase in its protein and mineral contents, antioxidant potential, in addition to other functional ingredients naturally occurring in this algae. The results revealed that different levels of this algae (0.5, 1, and 1.5%) did not significantly affect the cake texture, however, had a significant impact on its color. Incorporation of Spirulina platensis into sponge cake reduced its L*, a* and b*, which was highly noticed by the panelists. Therefore, it can be declared that enrichment of sponge cake, as a popular product among different people of societies, particularly children, is a desirable and easy way of transferring the useful and valuable compounds of this algae to human.
Mohammad Amin Mehrnia; Hassan Barzegar; Leila Hagh jou
Abstract
Central composite design response surface methodology was used to optimize polysaccharide extraction from olive leaves. Effect of three independent variables [extraction time (3- 7 hours), extraction temperature (60- 100°C) and water-to-raw material ratio (5-25 mL/g)] on extraction yield were studied. ...
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Central composite design response surface methodology was used to optimize polysaccharide extraction from olive leaves. Effect of three independent variables [extraction time (3- 7 hours), extraction temperature (60- 100°C) and water-to-raw material ratio (5-25 mL/g)] on extraction yield were studied. Extracted polysaccharide was evaluated for antioxidant properties, total phenolic and flavonoid content and its structure and functional groups were studied using FTIR. Rheological properties and flow behavior of polysaccharide were determined by fitting to power law model. The most important parameter in experimental ranges was temperature and the lowest effect was seen in extraction time. Highest extraction yield was obtained at extraction time of 2 hours, extraction temperature of 80.96°C and water-to-raw material ratio of 17.94 mL/g. Antioxidant properties of extracted polysaccharide were measured using DPPH radical at 517 nm that showed notable antioxidant properties. Rheological property of extracted polysaccharide was studied at 1, 2.5 and 5% concentration. Results showed that at high concentration, polysaccharide shows shear thinning behavior. One of the most important obstacles in native polysaccharide applications is their extraction yield. Extract of olive leaf polysaccharide is highly affected by extraction temperature. Extracted polysaccharide showed good antioxidant properties comparing to BHT and phenolic extract of olive leaf. Moreover it could be used for increasing solution viscosity at higher concentrations.
Mahboubeh Darapoor; Behzad Nasehi; Hassan Barzegar; Hossein Jooyandeh
Abstract
Introduction: By-products have traditionally been used as animal feed and are considered agricultural waste. However, they are rich in fiber and bioactive compounds, and efforts have been made to utilize them as functional ingredients and for the enrichment of food products. On the other hand, the intake ...
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Introduction: By-products have traditionally been used as animal feed and are considered agricultural waste. However, they are rich in fiber and bioactive compounds, and efforts have been made to utilize them as functional ingredients and for the enrichment of food products. On the other hand, the intake of a sufficient amount of dietary fiber can regulate the flow of intestines, prevent and treat diabetes, cardiovascular and intestinal cancers. In this regard, in recent decades, there has been a tendency to seek new sources of dietary fiber and natural antioxidants, such as agricultural byproduct that were considered. In this regard, sugar cane bagasse, which has chemical compounds such as cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, as well as phenolic compounds, waxes and minerals. Currently, bagasse used to production Cement (Tian et al., 2016), sand and grains (Sales et al., 2010), Chipboard (Garzon-Barrero et al., 2016), enzymes (Bocchini et al., 2005), single proteins (Rodriguez et al., 1992), vanillin (Mathew & Abraham, 2005), succinic acids (Chen et al., 2016), citric acid (Zhoghi et al., 2013), lactic acid (Laopaiboon et al., 2010). Donut is the only wheat industrial product that has a lot of attractive sensory features in spite of its high fat content. Therefore, one of the goals of the researchers in recent years has been finding solutions to improve its quality by reducing the absorption of oil or increasing the health components such as fiber. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the possibility of production of functional donuts that enriched with bagasse. Materials and methods: In this study, in order to optimize the formulation of donuts with two varieties of sugarcane bagasse fiber (0-25%), soybean soluble polysaccharide (0-2%) and frying time (2-5 minutes) on the physicochemical characteristics of donuts and sensory properties by using mini-tab software (version 16) and central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was investigated. The mean comparison was performed using Fisher test at 95% probability level. Bagasse were treated according to the method of Gao et al. (2013). Donuts were prepared according to the formulation by Nouri et al., 2017. Ingredients used in control donut formulation were consisted of 100 g of wheat flour (9 g/100g proteins, (Arde jonob Co., Khuzestan, Iran), 38 g of water, 9g of Shortening (Behshahr Industrial Co., Tehran, Iran), 13g of Egg, 13g of water for yeast, 6.3g of sugar, 6.3g of nonfat dried milk powder (Pegah Co., khozestan, Iran), 3g of active dried yeast (Nabmayeh, Khozestan, Iran), 1.6g of Vanilla extract (AbyazChimieEssence and Colour Co., Tehran, Iran), 1.6g of baking powder (Soheil Powder, Tehran, Iran), and 1.6g of Salt. The volume of the donuts was determined using the rapeseed displacement AACC method 10-05 (AACC, 2000). Moisture content of donuts crumb was measured using a Heraeus oven (model UT 5042, Germany) at 105 ºC for 3.5 h (Kim et al., 2015). The fat content of dried donuts was determined by Soxhlet extraction with petroleum ether for 5 h (Melito & Farkas, 2012). Firmness and springiness were measured in triplicate using a TA.XT2i Texture Analyzer (Stable Micro Systems, Goldalming, UK). The donuts were evaluated for over all acceptance of based on a five-point hedonic scale. The scale of values ranged from “dislike extremely” (score 1) to “like extremely” (score 5). And lightness was evaluated with Konica Minolta colorimeter. Results and discussion: The results showed that most of the proposed models in this study were proportional and meaningful from R2 and R2 (Adj). Also, the lack of fit these model were meaningless and their coefficient of variation was also appropriate. So, bagasse fiber increased moisture, hardness, cohesiveness and gumminess, fat, crust and crumb a, fiber and decreased specific volume, crust L. Increasing frying time increases hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and decreases crust L and moisture. Soybean soluble polysaccharide had no significant effect on these cases. According to the panelists, donuts containing bagasse fiber were harder and less chewable and had a darker color than the control sample. Response surface methodology described that donuts with optimum formulation of 9.09% bagasse fiber and 0.78% soybean soluble polysaccharide and the frying time of 2 minutes and 36 seconds would be the most desirable sample that has acceptable consumer characteristics. Investigating the optimal sample composition showed that iron and zinc mineral elements, fiber, fat, and total acceptance were higher than the control sample. However, no significant difference was observed in the control and optimum sample protein content. Also, with increasing durability, the moisture content of the product decreases. On the other hand, the specific volume of the control sample during the days of storage did not have a significant difference at 5% level. While the optimum sample volume in the days of shelf life has decreased. There was no significant difference between the control and optimum sample peroxidase in the first and third days, while on the fifth day, both were significantly decreased. The examination of texture characteristics suggests that the donut crumb of controlled and optimized was harder during the storage period, while the optimum sample was softer than the control sample.
Mona Nazari; Mohammad Amin Mehrnia; Hossein Jooyandeh; Hassan Barzegar
Abstract
Water in oil emulsions could be used for preparing low fat food products or encapsulating water soluble sensitive constituents. In this research, vitamin C loaded water in oil microemulsions prepared using spontaneous method without any co-surfactant. In spontaneous method, microemulsions are formed ...
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Water in oil emulsions could be used for preparing low fat food products or encapsulating water soluble sensitive constituents. In this research, vitamin C loaded water in oil microemulsions prepared using spontaneous method without any co-surfactant. In spontaneous method, microemulsions are formed based on surfactant affinity toward continues phase and are thermodynamically stable. Results showed that by increasing vitamin C concentration, droplets size of emulsions increased from 66.7 nm for pure water to 214.3 nm for 3% loaded microemulsions and poly dispersity index increased from 0.15 to 0.501. Visual appearance of microemulsions changed from transparent for pure water containing microemulsions to opaque for 3% vitamin C loaded emulsions. By increasing vitamin C concentration, viscosity decreased from 115.4 to 87.9 mPa.s. This research showed that up to 3% vitamin C containing microemulsions could be prepared without co-surfactants.
Adieh Anvar; Behzad Nasehi; Mohammad Noshad; Hassan Barzegar
Abstract
In the present study, the effects of addition of quince pomace powder (0- 15%) and water content (25- 35%) on the batter rheological properties, physicochemical characterizes and sensory properties of sponge cake were evaluated. The results showed that increasing substitution of quince pomace increased ...
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In the present study, the effects of addition of quince pomace powder (0- 15%) and water content (25- 35%) on the batter rheological properties, physicochemical characterizes and sensory properties of sponge cake were evaluated. The results showed that increasing substitution of quince pomace increased the viscosity and consistency batter and the dietary fiber, firmness, overall acceptability of cake and reduced the moisture content, and density of cake. Results of RSM based desirability function showed cakes formulated with 12.56% of quince pomace powder and 29.62% of water content had the most and desired physicochemical quality. Total phenol content (7.71 mg/g), iron (0.263 mg/Kg dry weight) and calcium (340 mg/Kg dry weight) of the control sponge cake was improved to 8.32 (mg/g), 0.361 (mg/Kg dry weight) and 1160 (mg/Kg dry weight) in the optimal sponge cake, respectively. SEM results showed the quince powder increased in the number of cavities in the cake's structure and the uniformity of these cavities.
Vahid Alizadeh; Hassan Barzegar; Behzad Nasehi; Vahid Samavati
Abstract
The present work describes the physicochemical and antimicrobial properties of active films developed by incorporating different concentrations (0.5, 1, and 2% v/v) of Satureja hortensis essential oil (SEO) and 3% (w/w) nanoclay into a chitosan- montmorillonite nanocomposite film. The tensile strength ...
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The present work describes the physicochemical and antimicrobial properties of active films developed by incorporating different concentrations (0.5, 1, and 2% v/v) of Satureja hortensis essential oil (SEO) and 3% (w/w) nanoclay into a chitosan- montmorillonite nanocomposite film. The tensile strength (TS) of the films significantly decreased and elongation at break (EAB) increased with the incorporation of SEO. The control film exhibited the lowest water vapor permeability. In addition, decreases in water solubility (WS) and transparency were observed with increasing the concentration of SEO. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated that films incorporated with SEO exhibited a higher degradation temperature compared with the control. The structural properties and morphology of the nanocomposite films were examined by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEO-incorporated films were more effective against gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) than gram negative ones (Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli). The results suggested that SEO, as a natural antibacterial agent, has the potential to be applied in antimicrobial biodegradable films.
Reza Amir Khamirian; Hossein Jooyandeh; Javad Hesari; Hassan Barzegar
Abstract
Introduction: Nowadays an increasing demand for whey products particularly whey protein concentrate (WPC) and whey protein Isolate (WPI) resulted in considerable amount of permeates production, which its rejection causes environmental pollution. The bioconversion of whey and permeate is an appealing ...
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Introduction: Nowadays an increasing demand for whey products particularly whey protein concentrate (WPC) and whey protein Isolate (WPI) resulted in considerable amount of permeates production, which its rejection causes environmental pollution. The bioconversion of whey and permeate is an appealing procedure regarding to human nutrition, particularly for its functional properties. Functional foods are foodstuffs, which have specific functions in the human, resulting health benefits besides energy and nutrients. Fermented dairy products containing probiotic bacteria are group of functional foods, which have received increasing attention in recent years, including the development of the market with large commercial and research interests. Production of probiotic beverages from permeate could be considered as a simple solution to prevent permeate rejection and produce an economical product with appropriate functional properties. Definitely, dairy products are the foremost vehicle for probiotic supplementation. However, other nondairy probiotic products such as fruit and vegetable juices have been shown to afford health benefits. Therefore, the aim of this study was optimizing formulation of permeate-based lemon juice beverage and producing probiotic beverage from optimized beverage.
Materials and methods: Based on primary experiments, lemon juice beverages containing permeate were produced with different concentrations of water (19.77, 30, 45, 60, and 70.22 ml), permeate (12.95, 30, 55, 80 and 97.04 ml) and LEMON juice concentrate (5.95, 8, 11, 14, and 16.04 g). To estimate the impact of these independent variables and determination of optimized sample (non-probiotic beverage), response surface methodology (RSM) founded on central composite design (CCD) was applied. According to CCD design, 20 tests with six replicates as the center points were performed. Quadratic polynomial model were considered for the relationship between the predicted responses with the independent variables. The optimization was performed based on physicochemical (pH, acidity, total solids and brix) and sensory (taste, color, odor, after taste and total acceptability) characteristics of beverage samples. At the second stage, the best sample was inoculated with Lactobacillus acidophilus (La5) and its physicochemical properties, antioxidant capacity, sensory attributes and probiotic cell count were monitored during a 28-day storage period under refrigerator temperature (4°C).
Results and discussion: The results showed that all fixed factors, i.e. amount of water, permeate and lemon juice concentrate, had significant impacts on the physicochemical and sensory properties of lemon juice-permeate beverages. By increasing the amount of water up to 45 ml, permeate up to 55 ml and lemon juice concentrate up to 11 g in the formulation, the taste, after taste and total acceptability scores were significantly (p
Vahid Alizade; Hassan Barzegar; Behzad Nasehi; Vahid Samavati
Abstract
Introduction: The environmental effect of synthetic plastic wastes is of increasing global concern. There is an urgent need to develop and apply renewable biopolymer materials. Development of edible and biodegradable films can help solving the waste disposal problem by partially replacing synthetic plastics ...
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Introduction: The environmental effect of synthetic plastic wastes is of increasing global concern. There is an urgent need to develop and apply renewable biopolymer materials. Development of edible and biodegradable films can help solving the waste disposal problem by partially replacing synthetic plastics (Martins et al., 2012). Chitosan; a linear polysaccharide composed of (1, 4)-linked 2-amino-deoxy-b-d-glucan, is a deacetylated (to varying degrees) product of chitin, which is the second most abundant polymer found in nature after cellulose. It has been proved to be biodegradable, biofunctional, biocompatible, nontoxic and have strong antifungal and antimicrobial properties (Aider, 2010). Thus, this work was undertaken to investigate the physical, optical, barrier, mechanical, microstructural, and antimicrobial properties of chitosan films incorporated with PEO, to examine its potential applications as a packaging material.
Materials & method: The films were prepared according to the solvent casting technique reported by (Abdollahi et al., 2012) with some modifications. Tensile strenght (TS) and elongation at break (E) of the films were measured with texture analyzer according to Barzegar et al. (2014) method. Equilibrated film strips (at 53% RH for 48 h) were fixed between the grips with an initial separation of 50 mm and the cross-head speed was set at 50 mm/min. TS was calculated by dividing the maximum force by the initial area of the film and E% was calculated through dividing the extension at the moment of specimen rupture by the initial gauge length and multiplying by 100. The WVP of the films was determined at according to the Shojaee-Aliabadi et al. (2013). The test cups containing anhydrous calcium chloride (0% RH) were sealed by the test films, then were placed inside a desiccator containing sodium-chloride-saturated solution (75% RH). Weight gain of the cups along time were recorded periodically and plotted as a function of time. Antimicrobial properties of the films were assessed using the disc-diffusion method according to Dashipour et al. (2015). Four gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria, including B. cereus, S. aureus, E. coli and S. typhimurium were used for testing.
Results and discussions: The influence of PEO incorporation on thickness, TS, EAB, WVP and water solubility of films can be seen in Table 1. The incorporation of PEO into the film-forming dispersion led to an increase in the thickness of the films, which varied between 0.131 mm and 0.185 mm. It could be due to the entrapment of PEO micro droplets by the polymer matrix (Dashipour et al. 2015). By increasing PEO concentration from 0.5 to 2 % in the film solutions, WS decreased markedly from 22.46 to 16.15 (P < 0.05). This behavior can be explained by the cross-linking effects of PEO components to esters and/or amide groups. Cross-linking in the chitosan film leads to a polymer with lower water solubility, which is useful when product integrity and water resistance are intended (Hosseini et al., 2009).
Table 1. Physical and mechanical properties of chitosan films.
PEO (% v/v) Thickness (mm)
Solubility in water (%) WVP
(g s-1 m-1 Pa-1 × 10-10) TS
(MPa) EAB
(%)
0.0 0.131 ± 0.01d 22.46 ± 0.73a 1.04 ± 0.05c 21.22 ± 1.97a 49.05 ± 1.63c
0.5 0.153± 0.01c 21.19 ± 1.22a 1.12 ± 0.06c 20.09 ± 1.40a 50.36 ± 2.98c
1 0.167 ± 0.01b 18.47 ± 0.53b 1.35 ± 0.09b 17.04 ± 1.26b 55.25 ± 2.95b
2 0.185 ± 0.01a 16.15 ± 0.54c 1.73 ± 0.09a 13.23 ± 1.35c 59.37 ± 2.49a
The incorporation of PEO into chitosan-based films leads to an increase in WVP values from 1.04 to 1.73 g s-1 m-1 Pa-1 × 10-10. A similar trend has been found by Bonilla et al., (2011) in chitosan-based films incorporated with thyme essential oil. The structural discontinuities induced in the polymer network by the addition of PEO could be the reason for the lowest resistance to breakage of the emulsified films. These discontinuities greatly reduced the film cohesion and mechanical resistance (Bonilla et al., 2012). Conversely, the EAB value of the films increased significantly (P < 0.05) from 49.05% to 59.37%, because the essential oil acted as a plasticizer even at small concentrations and enhanced the flexibility of the polymer chains.
The effects of PEO on the antimicrobial properties of the chitosan films are shown in Table 2. The films containing 1% PEO showed a certain inhibitory effect against B. cereus and S. aureus but no inhibition against S. typhimurium and E. coli. As the concentration of PEO increased, the zone of inhibition also increased significantly (P < 0.05). The films containing 2% PEO were effective against all studied bacteria and a greater inhibitory power was observed on S. aureus with the zone area of 49.67 mm2. The inhibitory effect of PEO is due to the two monoterpene hydrocarbons, α-pinene, and β-pinene (Barrero et al., 2005).
Table2. Antimicrobial activity of chitosan films.
PEO (% v/v) Inhibition zone (mm2)
S. aureus B. cereus E. coli S. typhimurium
0.0 0.00c 0.00c 0.00b 0.00b
0.5 0.00c 0.00c 0.00b 0.00b
1 22.58 ± 1.76b 15.63 ± 0.63b 0.00b 0.00b
2 49.67 ± 3.02a 41.96 ± 1.40a 21.12 ± 1.87a 12.49 ± 1.57a
Conclusion: The results obtained in this study showed that the chitosan films incorporated with PEO has a good potential to being empolyed as an active film to preserve food products. Addition of PEO decreased water solubility and tensile strength, while increased the thickness, WVP and percent elongation of the films. Overall, this study demonstrates that PEO-containing films present a good potential for their application in the food industry.
Adieh Anvar; Behzad Nasehi; Mohammad Noshad; Hassan Barzegar
Abstract
In this study, microwave drying conditions of quince pomace optimized with respect to quality attributes (moisture content, color change and consumer acceptance). Response surface methodology (RSM) technique was used to develop models to respond to the microwave power (100, 2000, 300 W), and microwave ...
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In this study, microwave drying conditions of quince pomace optimized with respect to quality attributes (moisture content, color change and consumer acceptance). Response surface methodology (RSM) technique was used to develop models to respond to the microwave power (100, 2000, 300 W), and microwave time (5, 10, 15 min). The models obtained from the responses were adequate and acceptable because the coefficient of determination R2 of the models was relatively high. Microwave power of 200W and microwave time of 8 minutes were concluded as the optimum conditions prior to air-drying at 50°C. To describe the drying process, the experimental data for moisture loss was converted to moisture ratios. The effective moisture diffusivity increased with increase in microwave power and its values varied from 1.83-4.87×10-9 m2/s. Using an exponential expression based on Arrhenius equation the activation energy and was found to be 16.41 W/mm.
